Ethernet Cable Constructions!

The first thing to get started is with the Internet cables have 4 twisted pairs that are covered in the outer sheath. While some of these cables might have the spline or the star filler.

                                   

These spline or the star filler would help in having the cable around.the other one that would include rip cords which is for the stripping the sheath and also the drain wires. 

They would be available in standard and even in the solid conductor forms and the permanent wiring which is the wiring that is inside the wall that would connect the wall socket to the central patch panel. 

                               

The central patch panel is called the solid core and these patch cables are of the typical standards. But they are quite durable they actually. 

In the market, the network cables are the insulated with the polyethylene or the PVC as they both are the halogen based.

They use copper in the cables. The Copper would be the ideal conductor of the wiring  but it would conduct for most of the metals. Among all, the Silver is the best conductor for the wiring.

What's the Difference Between These Ethernet Cables, and Will They Make My Network Faster?

The differences between each type of cable can get very complicated and have a lot to do with network standards, but we'll tell you just what you need to know: how they'll practically affect the speed of your home network.

Cat5: A Little Older, A Little Slower

Category 5 cabling, also known as Cat5, is an older type of network cabling. Cat5 cables were made to support theoretical speeds of 10Mbps and 100Mbps. You may be able to get gigabit speeds on a Cat5 cable, particularly if the cable is shorter, but it isn't always guaranteed.

Since Cat5 is an older type of cabling, you probably won't see them very much in the store, but you may have gotten some with an older router, switch, or other networking device.

Cat5e: Faster with Less Interference

Category 5 enhanced cabling, also known as Cat5e, is an improvement on Cat5 cabling. It was made to support 1000 Mbps "gigabit" speeds, so in theory, it's faster than Cat5. It it also cuts down on crosstalk, the interference you can sometimes get between wires inside the cable. Both of these improvements mean you're more likely to get fast, reliable speed out of Cat5e cabling compared to Cat5.

Cat6: Even Faster, But Not Super Necessary

Category 6 cabling is the next step up from Cat5e, and includes a few more improvements. It has even stricter specifications when it comes to interference, and in some cases is capable of 10-Gigabit speeds. You probably won't use these speeds in your home, and the extra interference improvements won't make a huge difference in regular usage, so you don't exactly need to rush out and upgrade to Cat6. But, if you're buying a new cable, you might as well, since it is an improvement over its predecessor.

So Which Should You Use?

It's important to note that your networkspeed is different than your internet speed. Chances are, upgrading your cables isn't going to make a difference in how fast you load Lifehacker or Facebook—your internet speeds are still much slower than speeds on your network. However, if you're transferring files between computers (say, if you'rebacking up to a NAS), using gigabit-compatible hardware can make things move along faster. Remember, though, you'll need more than just cables—to get gigabit speeds, you'll also need a gigabit-compatible router and gigabit-capable network cards in your computers. Most modern routers and cards are already capable of these fast speeds, but if you have any older PCs or routers, they might not be. Google your hardware's model number to find out.

If you're happy with the current speeds on your network, then there's no need to go through the trouble of upgrading everything. However, if you have gigabit-capable hardware already, then upgrading the cables is very cheap—seriously, you can get it for mere dollars on Monoprice (depending on the length). If you're looking to get the best possible speeds out of your network, upgrading the old Cat5 cables to Cat5e could help. Like we said, some Cat5 cables can reach gigabit speeds, but unless you want to run speed tests and find out—which sounds horribly tedious to me—you might as well just spend a few bucks and get all Cat5e or Cat6. If you're running these cables through your walls instead of just through your office, though, it's going to get more costly (and less worth the trouble).

Lastly, remember that when we talk about the speeds of these cables, those are all theoretical. Even if everything on your network supports gigabit ethernet, you'll probably never see speeds of 1Gb/s. But, your data transfers will be a lot faster than they would on non-gigabit hardware. Also, if you're running cable throughout your house, you may notice a decrease in speeds if you are using cables longer than 100 meters.

So, in short: If you transfer lots of data over your network, upgrading your cables from old Cat5 might help, and it's so cheap that you might as well try it out. But don't stress over it. For home use, the cables you use aren't going to be a huge deal.

Do you Know CAT5e/CAT6 Network Patch Cables?

Introduction

Understanding network cable infrastructure can be a significant challenge. What type of network cabling is required for your application? Cat5E? Cat6? Shielded? Unshielded? Should you run Gigabit Ethernet or 100BASE-T? The answer isn’t always quite so simple. This exclusive Guide to Networking Cables is intended to demystify the confusion around this question. Whether you have a new network installation planned or simply an upgrade, Amphenol Cables on Demand has thousands of networking cables in stock and ready to ship.

This Guide will cover several key topics. First we will explore how twisted pair cable functions and why it is the preferred cable technology for network applications. This will be followed by an exploration of the different styles of Cat5 and Cat6 cabling available today and how well they perform. Finally, we will discuss some of the top Do’s and Don’ts of network cable installation

The term “twisted pair” is now well ingrained into our vocabulary due to today’s widespread proliferation of high speed data networks. So what exactly does twisted pair cabling do and why is it so popular?
Twisted pair cabling is a form of wiring in which two conductors are wound together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources and crosstalk from neighboring wires. Twisted pair cabling is usually made of copper alloy, but silver and other exotic versions have been known to exist. Twisted pair cabling is perhaps one of the oldest types of cable ever invented. Alexander Graham Bell patented twisted pair cabling along with his first telephone circuit on October 21, 1879! Image of exposed twisted copper pairs
Differential Signal Block Diagram (Simplified) Twisted pair cabling is sometimes referred to as a differential system. With the differential system each signal is transmitted on two lines at the same time. On one, the signal is transmitted as a POSITIVE (+) signal, on the other as a NEGATIVE (-) signal. At the receiving end of the cable the receiver device gets two signals. Both of them however, have been changed by the EMI noise that penetrated the cable. The changes came in the form of unwanted voltage added to the wanted signal. At this point it is important to note that the unwanted voltage got added to both lines at the same time and by the same amount because the cable is uniformly twisted. The essence of the differential system is that the receiver is designed to take the difference between the two signals on the two lines. In doing that, the noise part of the signal, equal on both lines, gets eliminated, and what remains is clear signal. This same concept helps prevent the signal of one line from interfering with the signal on an adjacent line. This adjacent interference is known as crosstalk. The interference canceling aspects of twisted pair cabling is generally adequate. That is why Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling is the most common. Sometimes, however, electromagnetic interference can be so pervasive in certain environments, that an additional level of shielding is required. This is why Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling is used as an alternative. STP cabling comes in two flavors. Foiled Twisted Pair (FTP) adds a single mylar/foil shield over the entire cable body. This protects mainly against EMI. Extremely sensitive installations often use Screened Shielded Twisted Pair (S/STP) cabling. This includes the mylar/foil shield in addition to separate shields over each individual pair. This provides added protection against cross-talk. This type of cable is extremely bulky and hard to terminate, so its use is somewhat limited.
We’ll explore the merits of shielded cables more in the next section. For now, we’ve established that twisted pair cabling is a proven technology which naturally suppresses interference due to its inherent design characteristics. Twisted pair cabling, especially the unshielded variety, is perhaps most popular due to its favorable cost. Competing technologies such as coaxial and fiber optic cabling must adhere to extremely strict tolerances to maintain signal integrity; a costly requirement. Twisted pair cabling tends to have more “wiggle room” in its design, thereby bringing costs down considerably. This partially explains why twisted pair cabling is increasingly being used for consumer applications such as the HDMI interface for HDTV. Technical Primer: Terminating Twisted Pair Cable An often over-looked but all-to-critical aspect of twisted pair cabling is how the cable is terminated to a connector. Twisted pair cabling is designed to maintain an impedance of 100 ohms. The precise distance or space between wire pairs determines a cable’s impedance. The industry standard RJ-45 type networking connector also maintains this spacing and 100 ohm impedance. This versatile connector works wit h all types of Cat5 and Cat6 twisted pair cabling.
Standard RJ-45 Connector                                                                                       Network Cable Crimp Tool
The challenge comes in terminating this connector to the twisted pair cabling, because unwinding the cable will automatically alter this critical spacing. Here at Amphenol Cables on Demand, our networking patch cables are assembled by factory trained professionals with over a million feet worth of combined network cable assembly experience. All cables are electrically screened at the factory before shipment, thereby ensuring the integrity of your network cable infrastructure. If you elect to wire your own networking cables using bare UTP cabling, RJ-45 connectors, and a crimp tool, you may have questions about properly mapping the different colored wire pairs. The answer to this question has a lot to do with your particular network installation. Generally, networks are made up of two types of cables: patch cables and crossover cables.
T568A and T568B Patch Cable Wiring Diagram
A networking patch cable is the most common cable type in any network. Patch cables are used to connect any two different network devices. Examples include connecting a computer to a router or connecting a cable modem to an X-Box. A patch cable is often referred to as a straight through cable, because a pin on one end of the cable will always connect to its corresponding pin on the other end of the cable. So how do you know what color wire goes to what pin? Technically it doesn’t matter. As long as each wire goes straight through from one end to the other, the signal will get through just the same. Regardless, there are some standards out there that tend to be followed.
The common network wiring standards used today include both T568A and T568B. As shown in the diagram above, the T568A and T568B wiring standards differ in one simple way: the orange and green wire pairs are interchanged. Generally T568A is used in residential and government installations, while T568B is used in some commercial installations. If you wire a cable where one end follows the T568A standard and the other end follows the T568B standard, a crossover cable will result. A crossover cable is used to connect any two identical type network devices. Examples include connecting a computer to a computer for data transfer purposes.
		Crossover Cable for 100BASE-T Applications
Gigabit Ethernet Crossover Cable Wiring Diagram
A crossover cable for Gigabit Ethernet is slightly different than a crossover cable for 10BASE-T or 100BASE-T. This is because 100 Megabit Ethernet and below only needs to utilize the orange and green wire pairs for data transfer. Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) takes advantage of the unused brown and blue wire pairs for its additional throughput. For crossover purposes, the blue wire pair must therefore also be swapped with the brown pair. The striped/solid wires within each of those pairs must also be swapped. Please refer to the chart above for guidance.

Before we go into the merits of the various cable types, it is critical to first establish what your bandwidth demands are. These bandwidth demands will help determine whether Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) or Fast Ethernet (100BASE-T) is the appropriate system for you. Fast Ethernet, AKA 100BASE-T or 100 Megabit Ethernet, has long been the industry standard form of network communications over twisted pair cabling.

All new PC’s will have 100 Megabit Ethernet ports built into them. Networking equipment operating at this 100Mbit speed is also extremely affordable due to it being a mature technology. Fast Ethernet connections only require Category 5 networking cable, another cost advantage. Your average residence or small office today will rarely demand more bandwidth than what’s available from a 100 Megabit network. Within the next 5 years, however, Fast Ethernet networks will be taxed to capacity by high bandwidth content. To prepare for future bandwidth needs, we recommend installing Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) equipment exclusively. Gigabit Ethernet transfers data at a whopping 1 billion bits per second and is up to ten times faster than Fast Ethernet. Category 5E (enhanced) networking cable is required to support Gigabit speeds. Cat 5e cable is an enhanced version of Cat 5 that improves cross-talk performance, a critical issue with Gigabit data transmission. Gigabit Ethernet functions even better using Category 6 cable due to its inherent design characteristics. Fortunately, you can always upgrade your networking equipment later and build your network around the cable. Cat6 cable, for instance, is designed to support a future version of 10 Gigabit Ethernet when it becomes available. So designing your network using Cat6 cable is a safe bet, especially considering Cat6 cable supports 100 Megabit Ethernet better than Cat5e. Contractors nation-wide are so confident in Cat6, they are installing their Cat6 cables with a 25 year guarantee against obsolescence. Networking Cable Comparison Category 5e Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Currently, Category 5e UTP cabling is the de-facto standard for networking infrastructure worldwide. Category 5e has replaced standard Category 5 cabling in the marketplace over the past several years, so the terms Cat5 and Cat5e have become somewhat interchangeable. Although Category 5e UTP cabling will support Gigabit Ethernet, especially over short runs, this cable type really shines with 100 Megabit network traffic. Typical devices using this cable type include PC’s, current generation gaming platforms, internet appliances, 10/100 and Gigabit network cards, hubs, routers, and switches. This type of cable is unshielded, but this is not usually a problem. If your network environment meets the following criteria, Cat5e Unshielded Twisted Pair will work just fine: Image of common Cat5e compatible wireless routers

• Any residence that meets NEC electrical requirements for earth grounding • Most commercial office buildings with conduit and a central office ground • Light duty industrial factories with limited interference potential

Amphenol Cat5e cables are available in multiple colors so that you can better identify your connections. Some companies for instance require each IT person to install their own unique color cable for each installation to improve troubleshooting and response time. You can also use a different color cable based on functionality, i.e. red cables for connections to PC’s and blue cables for connections between access points. To browse our full selection of Cat5e Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), please click here.

Category 5e Foil-screened Twisted Pair (FTP) Certain environments are chock full of harmful EMI/RFI interference. This interference can rapidly degrade the integrity of high speed data over standard Unshielded Twisted Pair cabling. Despite the interference rejecting benefits of twisted pair cabling and the latest digital signal processing technology, a shielded cable is sometimes required. Foil-screened Twisted Pair (FTP) cabling has the simplest of shield designs, consisting of a mylar/aluminum foil sleeve that covers the four twisted wire pairs. This shield primarily fights interference coming into the cable from the outside. FTP cables tend to cost significantly more than UTP cables, because the addition of the foil shield is a labor intensive process. The foil shield provides the added benefit of further protecting the inner wire pairs from physical damage. This is why shielded Cat5e cables are often chosen for permanent structure cabling. Image of a dissected Cat5e FTP cable

We recommend Cat5e FTP cabling in the following environments: • Any residence lacking a proper earth ground or in proximity to high voltage lines • Commercial office buildings without an isolated central office ground • Industrial facilities and factories using high current / high voltage equipment • Broadcast facilities, military installations, financial institutions, hospitals • Any sensitive areas where data reliability is of the utmost importance All FTP cables from Cables on Demand feature shielded, impedance matched, and precision-terminated RJ-45 connectors for the most reliable connection possible. Cat5e FTP cables should preferably be used with networking equipment featuring shielded RJ-45 jacks to maintain their full benefit. There are also instances in which networks, having operated poorly due to excessive cable lengths or other challenges, can be fully restored by simply switching to an FTP cable. To browse our full selection of Cat5e Foil-Screened Twisted Pair (FTP), please click here.

Category 6 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Category 6 UTP cabling is presently the choice of installers world-wide who want to “future proof” their networks. You may not realize just how dependent we are becoming on network bandwidth. Our cell-phones, home phones, cable boxes, computers, mp3 players, security systems, and other technologies are all consuming up valuable bandwidth at an alarming rate.

Nearly all emerging technologies are utilizing the internet to deliver their content. High Definition Television will soon be delivered via the internet. HDTV alone will significantly tax the capacity of our networks in the near future. By 2010, nearly 90% of network traffic could be devoted to HDTV, as seen below:

Category 6 = Protection from future bandwidth requirements

Installing Category 6 cabling for your home or office network is an investment in the future. Cat6 cabling is considered universal. It supports 100 Megabit and Gigabit data rates far better than Cat5e and it is reverse compatible with all 10/100 Ethernet equipment. Because of its improved transmission performance and superior immunity from external noise, systems operating over category 6 cabling will have fewer errors versus category 5e for current applications. How many fewer errors? It is significant as shown below:

Table: Error Rates of Cat5, Cat5e, and Cat6 Cabling

Cat6 cabling may look identical on the periphery to Cat5 cabling, but there are significant differences between the two. Cat6 cables are built to much tighter tolerances. The precision of the cable twists significantly punch down interference without the need for shielding. The problem of cross talk is dealt with by using an insulator between the wire pairs. These subtle nuances will permit Cat6 cabling to handle 10 Gigabit data rates in the near future.

In essence, using Cat6 as your network cable of choice will allow you to use equipment 10X faster that what’s on the market today. There is a minor initial cost premium associated with using Category 6 cable, but the long term cost savings associated with avoiding future upgrades is worth it. We recommend using Category 6 cabling whenever possible on all new residential and commercial installations. Estimates place Cat6 as still being a viable cable technology 25 years from now! To browse our full selection of Cat6 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), please click here.

Cat6 will support speeds up to 10X faster than Gigabit Ethernet

If you follow these general ground rules, chances are your network upgrade will be seamless process: DO: Limit the length of your cable runs to 300 feet or less to avoid problems DO NOT: Mix Category 5 and Category 6 cables on the same network DO: Bend the cable gradually when needed and never exceed a 1” bend radius DO NOT: Untwist more than ½” of each wire pair when building your own cables DO: Keep your cables away from any potential sources of EMI/RFI DO NOT: Use heavy pressure when using zip ties for cable management DO: Always use Category 6 rated jacks with Category 6 cabling DO NOT: Ever under any circumstance splice or bridge a Cat5e or Cat6 cable DO: Always accommodate at least 5 feet of slack in each cable whenever possible DO NOT: Use standard stapes to secure Cat5 or Cat6 cabling as damage can result DO: If you build your own cables, always verify them with a tester DO NOT: Ever tug or pull excessively on a networking cable Do’s and Don’ts Explained The length limit on Cat5 and Cat6 cables is technically 100 meters (330 feet). 100 meters is the total length limit of all patch cables installed in-line with one another. Remember, patch bays can add to this overall length. It is generally safe to limit your cable lengths to no more than 300 feet as a best practice. You must never mix Cat5 and Cat6 cables on the same network. The network speed will be limited by the lowest grade of cable installed within it. Therefore, if you outfit your network using Category 6 cabling, make sure you’re using exclusively Cat6 and nothing else. The bending of cables, especially Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), can create serious problems internally. Avoid sharp bends at all costs. When building your own cables, never untwist more than a half inch of each wire pair when terminating to a connector. Untwisting will affect the impedance of the cable.

One should always avoid positioning cables near heavy sources of electromagnetic or RF interference such as microwave ovens, power supplies, transformers, refrigerators, fluorescent lighting, dimmer switches, transmitters, and antennas. Always handle your networking cables with care!

Although the RJ-45 connectors look identical on both Cat5 and Cat6 cabling, they are not. The same applies to the jacks these cables plug into. If you are using Category 6 cabling, all cable patch bays must include Category 6 rated connectors in order to maintain Gigabit data rates. So what does the future have in store for twisted pair cabling? With a century long track record, we don’t expect this type of cable to go away anytime soon. Category 6a is being developed much in the same way that Cat5e was in its time. Category 7 cable is already in the process of being developed. Cat7 is a version of Cat6 with even tighter manufacturing tolerances. Cat7 adds a foil shield around the entire cable as well as individual shields around each pair. These cables will be optimized for 10 Gigabit network traffic. Regardless of which direction the technology migrates towards, Amphenol Cables on Demand will be sure to bring this technology to you. This guide will be updated regularly to reflect the latest technology trends. We will also be releasing the results of our comprehensive Cat5 and Cat6 cable compliance tests in the near future. Best of luck with your planned network upgrades!

10 things you shouldn't do when running network cable

Mistake 1: Not planning for the future

Perhaps your organization has provisioned 100 Mbps network connections to the desktop for now, even though 1 Gbps has become pretty standard. But suppose your organization is going to move to a new location and you need to install new cabling. Are you going to go with yesterday's best cabling technology or are you going to install something that will meet today's needs and your needs for the next few years? Remember, the labor is the most expensive part of your project. While top-of-the-line cable won't be the least expensive option, you should consider reasonably high-end cable for your installation. Maybe you don't go with the absolute best -- after all, many organizations won't need 10 Gbps to the desktop for quite some time -- but don't go for cheap, either.

Mistake 2: Using different cabling for voice and data

Twisted pair cabling used to be expensive, so companies used to install different cabling for voice and data needs. Since voice was a less picky service and required only a single pair of wires, less expensive cabling was used for voice while data enjoyed the bulk of the budget.

Today, a complete installation can still be pricey but the bulk of the cost is generally labor; cabling itself really isn't a massive cost. Further, with the rise of services such as VoIP, voice in many places has transitioned to being a data need and requires data-level cabling. In fact, with the right VoIP equipment, you can often get away with using an existing data cable and then making use of the VoIP device's built-in Ethernet switch to save on the cost of running multiple cables, if that becomes absolutely necessary.

The point here: Don't simply assume that you can or should use old style category 3 cabling for voice. If you're going to run a separate cable for a phone, match the data cable type.

Mistake 3: Not using cable management

Adding cable management is often seen as a "would be nice if" type of scenario. Adding ladder rack, rack-based cable management, and the like does add cost. But it also makes ongoing maintenance much, much easier. Bear in mind that the cabling work won't stop with the initial installation. More cables will be added, and things will be changed. Make sure that you label appropriate cables, color-code cables, or implement some other kind of process to make it easier to identify cables later on.

Mistake 4: Running cable in parallel with electrical cables

Data cabling used "UTP" -- unshielded twisted pairs -- to achieve its goals. The magnetic field generated by the low voltage running through the cable is a critical component of the communications chain. When you run this unshielded cabling in parallel with electrical cables, that magnetic field is disrupted and the communication becomes noisy and garbled. In many cases, transmissions will simply not make it from Point A to Point B. In other cases, transmission rates will slow to a crawl as communications are constantly retried.

If you have to go near electrical power lines, cross them in perpendicular instead.

And now for a story: Way back in the late 90s, I was asked to look into why a newly installed coaxial cable wasn't working. It was a building-to-building connection between two buildings that were very close to one another. Upon arriving at the site, I looked up and saw that the coaxial cable was twisted around the overhead electrical cabling that ran between the two buildings. Needless to say, it was easy to identify the cause of the problem.

Mistake 5: Running cable near "noisy" devices and fixtures

Noise can be introduced onto data cabling by more than just electrical wires. Fluorescent lighting, motors, and similar items that shed electrical or magnetic interference will wreak havoc on your cabling infrastructure as well. Make sure that in your planning, you leave a data cable pathway that avoids these kinds of hazards.

Mistake 6: Not minding distance limitations... to a point

If you've run any cabling at all, you know that the typical distance limitation for UTP cabling with typical Ethernet -- up to 1 Gbps anyway -- is 100 meters. However, if you're running cabling for some other purposes, such as 10 Gbps or 40 Gbps, be mindful of the distance limitations associated with the type of cabling you intend to use. For example, if you intend to run 10 Gbps for up to 100 meters over twisted pair cabling, you need to use Category 6A or better cabling.

Mistake 7: Not following laws/codes/ordinances

This is really important for many reasons. First of all, failure to adhere to local codes can create dangerous issues for safety personnel. For example, in most places, use of PVC-jacketed cabling is prohibited in air handling spaces. When PVC burns, it creates a toxic stew that can be harmful to firefighters and other personnel that might have to navigate the area in the event of an emergency.

If you fail to follow local codes related to low voltage cabling, you risk fines and may even have to rip and replace your cabling. So make sure you verify your responsibilities before you get started and make sure that any contractors you have working with you are aware of local ordinances as well.

Mistake 8: Not testing your cabling infrastructure

Once the cabling is installed, you should test every cable using appropriate tools to make sure that it will be suitable for its intended use. This includes verifying length and cable specifications matched to needs. If you need 1 Gbps transmission speeds, verify that the cable's properties will support that need.

Mistake 9: Not following standards

You know, there are only eight individual wires inside a cabling jacket. So why not just terminate them at random, as long as you use the same scheme at both ends and you're consistent between cables? Well... that's a bad idea. There are standards in place for a reason. The cabling standards take into consideration just how the cables are twisted and placed in the jacket. If you deviate from those standards, you risk introducing noise and inefficiency into your cable plant that can have a negative impact on overall network performance. The standards I speak of are known as EAI/TIA-568-A and B and dictate the method by which data cables should be terminated.

Mistake 10: Not running a cable when you need one

Recently, my colleague Erik Eckel wrote about the dangers of using an Ethernet switch when a new cable run is really what's needed. When you start adding Ethernet switches willy-nilly, you risk introducing unknown elements and instability into an otherwise well-designed network. In general, people use mini-switches when they just need to add a port or two, so there is very little traffic planning undertaken. Depending on the reason behind the need for the additional ports, this can be problematic. If the new services require a lot of network resources, you can create bottlenecks where you didn't intend to. The lesson: Unless you have a really good reason not to, just run another cable (actually, run two; the cabling is cheap but the labor is similar).